FN 225:
Nutrition
Tamberly Powell, M.S., R.D. Health Professions Division Lane Community College Eugene, Oregon
LECTURE 2B:
Chapter 3: The Remarkable Body
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Diet Analysis This Week
In this week's study questions (chapter 2 and 3) you will be asked questions about your diet analysis printouts. Make sure you analyze your three days of food records using the SuperTracker. There are specific instructions for doing this in week 2 of moodle.
Test next week (Week 3)
Lecture 2B: Chapter 3 The human
body is composed of billions of cells that need energy, water, other
nutrients and oxygen. Cells are organized into
tissues and
tissues are grouped to form organs.
During this lecture, I will be comparing The Remarkable Body to The Remarkable Plant since it's plants that give us so much of what we need and we return the favor by giving them some of what they need, carbon dioxide). As you can see with the illustration below, plants also have organs. |
II Body
Systems
The overall objective of ALL of these body
systems
(human AND plant) is to help cells work so our body (or a plant's body)
can survive and reproduce.
1. Communication Systems (Hormonal and Nervous Systems) Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by one part of the body into the blood to tell another group of cells to do something. For example, the hormone insulin is secreted by the pancreas when it perceives that blood sugar has risen. The insulin goes into blood where it travels to cells everywhere and tells the cells to take in sugar. Our text says that "the nervous system receives and integrates information from sensory receptors all over the body--sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste and others--which communicate to the brain the state of both the outer and inner worlds". Plants also have something like our nervous system which receives information and communicates. Consider vines. When the vine above realized that something was nearby that it could climb to get more access to the sun, within hours it had sent out something that could hook around that post. Plants also have various responses to light. The flowers of the 4 o'clock plant shown below 4:00 pm 7:30 pm |
2.
System for
Digestion and Absorption ( p. 76 in text).
The
overall function of this system is to get nutrients from food to cells.
From looking at the above diagram, you should be able to label where the pancreas would be in the diagram in your lecture outline. |
This is Dustin, my husband. Beth
convinced him to wear this apron that one of our students painted so she
could take a picture. (I know, he does not look very excited to wear the
apron).
Click on the following
link to see a
digestion animation. Once you go to the site there will be
a variety of videos to watch. You want to click on the
Digestion Animation.
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3. THE PARTS OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION: Mechanical & Chemical a. Mechanical Aspects of Digestion.
Examples:
chewing
swallowing stomach churning peristalsis- a series of organized,
wave-like muscle contractions that occur throughout the digestive tract
and move food from one end to the other.
Mechanical aspects of
digestion makes PHYSICAL changes to food.
i. hydrochloric acid-
What?-
acid made by the stomach
Why?
among other functions, it uncoils
protein from food, making them easier to chemically be broken down.
ii. sodium bicarbonate- What?
alkaline (basic as opposed to acidic) substance made by the pancreas
Why?
helps to neutralize the
stomach acids in the chyme (the partially digested mass of food that is
forced into the small intestine from the stomach)
iii. bile- What?
alkaline fluid made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Why?
emulsifies fat in chyme, which allows the fat to be divided into tiny drops that are more easily broken apart.
This is a physical change NOT a chemical change. Bile is
increasing the surface area of fat so enzymes have an easier time in
chemically breaking down the fat.
c. Chemicals that DO cause nutrients to be
broken apart (in other words a chemical change is taking
place): Enzymes.
Enzymes help break down and at other times they also help build. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that would occur anyway. Because of enzymes, they happen much faster.
An enzyme's name is often the same as the chemical they affect, except the enzyme name ends in "ase". So the enzyme that breaks apart sucrose (table sugar) is sucrase. the main chemical reaction during digestion is hydrolysis
(the splitting apart of one molecule into 2 with the help of water
& an enzyme)
d. Absorption:
from Small Intestine
into Villi then into blood or lymph
What are villi? tiny finger-like projections from the surface of the intestinal wall
Why are there villi? In a December 10, 2007 Newsweek
article, Patrick J. Skerrett and W. Allan Walker, an M.D., wrote "The
gut is composed of the small and large intestine. Stretched out, it's
as long as a school bus. Flatten out the millions of finger-like
projections that line its sides and it would easily cover a tennis
court." So the villi greatly increase the surface area for
absorption to take place, allowing more nutrients to be absorbed.
I'm very impressed with the wonder that is our body, and wonders are everywhere in the natural world.
Dan Gleason, a retired University of Oregon biology professor and the author of Birds! From the Inside Out wrote the following in a Register-Guard article about chickadees (pictured above): ".... the digestive system of a chickadee changes from season to season, reflected in the change in their diet.
"Chickadees can more easily macerate and digest seeds during the winter when their gizzards are enlarged and well-developed. Like all birds, chickadees have a two chambered stomach, with the gizzard being the muscular rear portion that thoroughly grinds seeds and hard materials. The front portion is called the proventriculus. It secretes digestive enzymes and acids to help digest animal material, such as insects. As spring approaches and seeds become less available, the gizzard decreases in size and the glandular portion of the stomach enlarges, making insects easier to digest." "The Ever-Present Chickadee"
The Register-Guard Home & Garden Monthly January 24, 2008 The really cool diagram that you see if you click on the link below is an owl. Nothing is labeled a "stomach", but perhaps the proventriculus and gizzard comprise the 2 parts of the "stomach" that Dan Gleason speaks of. http://www.kidwings.com/glossary/proventriculus.htm |
4. Circulatory System |
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a. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. b. Blood that passes through the villi picks up water soluble nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and water soluble vitamins. c. Lymph that passes through the villi picks up fat and fat soluble vitamins and dumps it into the bloodstream neart the heart.
d.
Blood
leaving the digestive system goes to the liver which can
remove, change or store nutrients.
(See illustration below) e. Substances the cell needs have now arrived at the cell.
What happens to them now?
They are used by the cell for energy, as materials to build what it needs (like muscle tissue from amino acids) or to otherwise help us function (like to see) It's in the cells everywhere in the body that energy is released. It's a common misconception that energy is released in the GI tract. This webpage has some interesting information about cells:
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Plants also have a vascular
system of sorts. Glucose gets transported in phloem and water and
minerals travels in xylem. (not on test)
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When you eat more than your body needs, what happens to the extra?
b. Excess sugar and starch can be stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen.
c. Excess sugar and starch as well as
excess fat & protein can be stored asfat. Note:
This will only happen if total Calories are also in excess.
a. The large intestine excretes solid waste from food.
b. The kidneys excrete wastes filtered from the blood. c. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and other gases. |
REVIEW: 1. Which of these are enzymes? a. insulin b. lactase c. bile Click here if you think insulin is an enzyme. Click here if you think insulin is a hormone. Click here if you think lactase is an enzyme. Click here if you think lactase is a hormone. Click here if you think lactase is a sugar. Click here if you think bile is an enzyme. Click here if you think bile is a hormone. 2. What is the difference between a hormone and an enzyme? Hormones are chemical messengers and do not break bonds. Enzymes help break bonds. The Study Questions for this week refer you to a section of the lecture outline called "Our Ancestor's Diet". The figure below is another way of picturing the period of time we've been using agriculture to feed ourselves compared to the length of time human beings have been on earth using hunting and gathering to feed ourselves. The Fast Runner is a beautiful movie that gives some idea about what it's like to live as a hunter/gatherer. The end of Lecture 2B |