FN 225: Nutrition
Teresa McFerran, M.S., R.D. Health Professions Division Lane Community College Eugene, Oregon LECTURE 2B:
: The Human Body
Please also read Chapter 3 in your text book |
Diet Analysis This Week
In this week's study questions you will be asked questions about your diet analysis printouts. Make sure you analyze your three days of food records using MyDietAnalysis. There are specific instructions for doing this in Week 2 of Moodle.
Test next week
(Week 3)
Lecture
2B: The Human Body The human body is
composed of billions of cells that need energy, water,
other nutrients and oxygen. Cells are
organized into tissues and tissues are grouped to form
organs.
During this lecture, I will be comparing The remarkable body to The remarkable plant since it's plants that give us so much of what we need and we return the favor by giving them some of what they need, carbon dioxide). As you can see with the illustration below, plants also have organs. |
II Body Systems
The
overall objective of ALL of these body systems (human
AND plant) is to help cells work so our body (or a
plant's body) can survive and reproduce.
1. Communication Systems (Hormonal and Nervous Systems) Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by one part of the body into the blood to tell another group of cells to do something. For example, the hormone insulin is secreted by the pancreas when it perceives that blood sugar has risen. The insulin goes into blood where it travels to cells everywhere and tells the cells to take in sugar. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the nervous system as the bodily system that in vertebrates is made up of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and parts of the receptor organs and that receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to the effector organs. Plants also have something like our nervous system which receives information and communicates. Consider vines. When the vine above realized that something was nearby that it could climb to get more access to the sun, within hours it had sent out something that could hook around that post. Plants also have various responses to light. The flowers of the 4 o'clock plant shown below 4:00 pm 7:30 pm |
2.
System
for Digestion and Absorption
The overall
function of this system is to get nutrients from
food to cells.
From looking at the above diagram, you should be able to label where the pancreas would be in the diagram in your lecture outline. |
This dashing gentleman
is Dustin Powell wearing this apron that one of our
students painted (I know, he does not look very
excited to wear the apron.)
Click on the
following link to see a digestion animation http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter26/animation__organs_of_digestion.html.
Once you go to the site there will be a variety of
videos to watch. You want to click on the
Digestion Animation.
|
3. THE PARTS OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION: Mechanical & Chemical a.
Mechanical
Aspects of Digestion. Examples:
chewing
swallowing stomach churning peristalsis- a series of
organized, wave-like muscle contractions that occur
throughout the digestive tract and move food from
one end to the other.
Mechanical
aspects of digestion makes PHYSICAL changes to food.
i. hydrochloric
acid-
What?-
acid made by the
stomach
Why?
among other
functions, it uncoils protein from food, making
them easier to chemically be broken down.
ii. sodium bicarbonate- What?
alkaline (basic
as opposed to acidic) substance made by the
pancreas
Why?
helps to
neutralize the stomach acids in the chyme (the
partially digested mass of food that is forced
into the small intestine from the stomach)
iii. bile- What?
alkaline fluid
made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Why?
emulsifies fat in
chyme, which allows the fat to be divided into
tiny drops that are more easily broken
apart. This is a physical change NOT a
chemical change. Bile is increasing the
surface area of fat so enzymes have an easier time
in chemically breaking down the fat.
c.
Chemicals that DO cause nutrients to
be broken apart
(in other words a chemical change is taking place): Enzymes. Enzymes help break down and
at other times they also help build.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions that would
occur anyway. Because of enzymes, they happen
much faster.
An enzyme's name is often the same as the chemical they affect, except the enzyme name ends in "ase". So the enzyme that breaks apart sucrose (table sugar) is sucrase. the main chemical reaction during digestion is hydrolysis (the splitting apart
of one molecule into 2 with the help of water & an
enzyme)
d. Absorption:
from Small
Intestine into villi then into blood or
lymph
What are villi? tiny finger-like
projections from the surface of the
intestinal wall
Why are there villi? In a December
10, 2007 Newsweek article, Patrick J.
Skerrett and W. Allan Walker, an M.D., wrote "The
gut is composed of the small and large intestine.
Stretched out, it's as long as a school bus.
Flatten out the millions of finger-like
projections that line its sides and it would
easily cover a tennis court." So the villi
greatly increase the surface area for absorption
to take place, allowing more nutrients to be
absorbed.
I'm very impressed
with the wonder that is our
body, and wonders are everywhere in the natural world.
Dan Gleason, a retired University of Oregon biology professor and the author of Birds! From the Inside Out wrote the following in a Register-Guard article about chickadees (pictured above): ".... the digestive
system of a chickadee changes from
season to season, reflected in the change in their
diet.
"Chickadees can more easily macerate and digest seeds during the winter when their gizzards are enlarged and well-developed. Like all birds, chickadees have a two chambered stomach, with the gizzard being the muscular rear portion that thoroughly grinds seeds and hard materials. The front portion is called the proventriculus. It secretes digestive enzymes and acids to help digest animal material, such as insects. As spring approaches and seeds become less available, the gizzard decreases in size and the glandular portion of the stomach enlarges, making insects easier to digest." "The Ever-Present
Chickadee"
The Register-Guard Home & Garden Monthly January 24, 2008 |
4. Circulatory System |
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a. The heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries, and veins carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. b. Blood that passes through the villi picks up water soluble nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and water soluble vitamins. c. Lymph that passes through the villi picks up fat and fat soluble vitamins and dumps it into the bloodstream neart the heart. d. Blood
leaving the digestive system goes to the liver which
can remove, change
or store nutrients. (See illustration below) e. Substances
the cell needs have now arrived at the cell.
What happens to them
now?
They are used by the cell for energy, as materials to build what it needs (like muscle tissue from amino acids) or to otherwise help us function (like to see) It's in the cells everywhere in the body that energy is released. It's a common misconception that energy is released in the GI tract. |
Plants also have a
vascular system of sorts. Glucose gets transported
in phloem and water and minerals travels in xylem. (not
on test)
|
When you eat more
than your body needs, what happens to the extra?
b. Excess sugar and starch can be stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen.
c. Excess sugar and starch as
well as excess fat & protein can be stored asfat. Note: This will only
happen if total Calories are also in excess.
a.
The large intestine excretes solid waste from food.
b. The kidneys excrete wastes filtered from the blood. c. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and other gases. |
REVIEW: 1. Which of these are enzymes? a. insulin b. lactase c. bile Click here if you think insulin is an enzyme. Click here if you think insulin is a hormone. Click here if you think lactase is an enzyme. Click here if you think lactase is a hormone. Click here if you think lactase is a sugar. Click here if you think bile is an enzyme. Click here if you think bile is a hormone. 2. What is the difference between a hormone and an enzyme? Hormones are chemical messengers and do not break bonds. Enzymes help break bonds. The Study Questions for this week refer you to a section of the lecture outline called "Our Ancestor's Diet". The figure below is another way of picturing the period of time we've been using agriculture to feed ourselves compared to the length of time human beings have been on earth using hunting and gathering to feed ourselves. Atanarjuat:The Fast Runner is a beautiful movie that gives some idea about what it's like to live as a hunter/gatherer. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0285441/?ref_=tt The end of Lecture 2B |