Class, Race, and Gender in the U.S. Economy
(Econ250/ES250)
Reading Asssignments
Spring 2005
Updated April 18, 2005


I.    INTRODUCTION
(Weeks 1 & 2)


Readings:  * required,    o recommended
                                                                                                   
1)    PURPOSE OF COURSE: HONORABLE DISCUSSION
On Reserve/Handout:        
*Rehumanizing Society, Gonzales & Rodriguez

2)    A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
          On Reserve:                            
          * Let America Be America Again, Langston Hughes
          * The Stream, Leonel I. Castillo, Studs Terkel
* We’ve Been Here Before, George F. Will
* A Different Mirror, Ronald Takaki
o From Individual to Structural Discrimination,  Fred L. Pincus

        Rothenberg, p 186 - 196:
* The Problem: Discrimination, The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights

3)    THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITY and DIFFERENCE

4)    FRAMEWORK: THE ECONOMICS OF STRATIFICATION 
On Reserve/Handout:
*The Market and Economic Stratification, P. Martinez


    




II.    CLASS
(Weeks 3 & 4)



1)    EXPERIENCE OF CLASS
On Reserve
  o The Men We Carry in Our Minds, Sanders

                    Rothenberg,
                                * C.P. Ellis, Studds Terkel    

                    Instructor Web Page


2)    WHAT IS “CLASS”?
        On Reserve:
            o Literature, Class, and Culture: Introduction, Lauter & Fitzgerald

A. Sociological Analysis
 i.        De-classe American Myth:     "Everyone is middle class."

 Rothenberg:
            * Class in America: Myths and Realities (2000), Gregory Mantios    
            o Media Magic: Making Class Invisible, Gregory Mantios

ii.        Self-identification: Aspirations, Consumption Patterns        

iii.       Other Characteristics: Cultural Values, Education, etc.

B.  Economic Analysis

i.        Neo-Classical Analysis:    Market Rewards for Abilities

ii.      Classical Analysis: Labor Theory of Value  (Quesnay, Ricardo, & Marx)

iii.     A Divided Labor Market


3)    STATISTICAL DISPARITIES: Income, Wealth and Poverty
A.    Indicators: Education, Attainment of parents, Race, Immigrant Status, Divorce,
Rothenberg:
*Part IV: The Economics of Class, Gender, and Race in the US
* 47   Imagine a Country - 2003, Holly Sklar
* 48   Number of Peolpe Living in Poverty Increase in the US, Robert Pear
* 49   CEOs: New Century, Same Story

B.    Poverty in Oregon
Required Web Articles from OSU Extension Service:

*A Portrait of Poverty in Oregon, OSU Extension Service

*Minimum wage fails to keep up
 
*Minimum Wage Graph
*Women and children most likely to be poor

C.    Income and Wealth Data
Required Web Sites:

ºDivided Decade, Collins, Hartman, & Sklar; United for a Fair Economy
  http://www.ufenet.org/press/archive/1999/Divided_Decade/DivDec.pdf

*Economic Apartheid Data Center, UFE (updated figures for Divided Decade)
http://www.faireconomy.org/research/Economic_Apartheid_Data.html#top

Federal Reserve: Racial Wealth Gap Has Grown
http://www.ufenet.org/research/SCF_Race_2003.html

4)    INSTITUTIONS AND CLASSISM: EDUCATION
            Video, in Class:
* The Secrets of the SAT, Frontline, PBS video, in class
        
On Reserve:
            * SATs skewed by shoddy disability, LATimes, Jan. 9, 2000
            * Among Affluent Students, A Culture of Disengagement

Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1998                    
            º The Economic Root of Low Test Scores, LATimes, Mar. 26, 2000
 



III.    Race
(WEEK 5 & 6)

                                                                                                                                       
1)    EXPERIENCE OF RACISM
            Rothenberg:
                * Part III: Discrimination in Everyday Life & Part VI: How It Happened
Students are encouraged to read any and all articles in these sections.
However,
for the current topic, only the following articles are required.


*22.    The Problem: Discrimination, The US Civil Rights Commission   
*23.    Racial Disparities Seen as Pervasive in Juvenile Justice
*24.    "White" Names Give Job Seekers an Edge
*39.    Minority Health Care Found Lacking, Disparity Seen in Testing, Surgery
*40.   Study Finds the Nation's Public School Districts Are Resegregating by Race

2)    DEFINING RACISM
            Rothenberg:
                   
*1.      Racial Formations, Michael Omi and Howard Winant
*3.      Constructing Race, Creating White Privilege
*4       How Jews Became White Folks
*12     Defining Racism: Can We Talk?, Tatum, p.100
                    * 20    White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, McIntosh

3)    STATISTICAL DISPARITIES & ECONOMIC EVIDENCE OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

            Rothenberg:
*58      Census 2000 Shows America's Diversity
*59      America 2000: A Map of the Mix
                    *50      Still at the Periphery: The Economic Status of African-Americans
*51       Being Black, Living in the Red: Wealth Matters
*53       The Wage Gap: Myths and Facts, National Committee on Pay Equity

        a)    Income, Wealth, Wage Differentials
        b)    Unemployment Differentials
        c)    Occupational Differentials    
        d)    Educational Differentials

        
4)    MODELS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
              

On Reserve:
*Black-White Income Differences, Michael Reich
*Ch14, Theories of Labor Market    Discrimination, McConnell, et al   
*Evidence on Discrimination in Employment, Darity & Mason
*Detecting Discrimination, Heckman

        A) Neo-Classical                                            
            Supply-Side                                
              Inequality of Opportunity/Access                
    Inequality of Education    
                            
            Demand-Side
               Taste, Market Power,                                 
               Statistical, Employee, Consumer                 
                    
B) Radical                
Social Movements        
Social Structures of Accumulation
        
    Rothenberg:

5)    INSTITUTIONS & RACISM: EDUCATION & BANKING
        A) Banking
On Reserve:
* Lending Insights: Hard Proof that Banks Discriminate, Jim Campen
º Study Discerns Disadvantage for Blacks in Home Mortgages,
        Dedman
        B)    Education
Rothenberg:
º Resegregation in American Schools, Orfield & Yun
 


IV.   Ethnicity     

(WEEKS 7 & 8)

       
1)    WHAT IS “RACE”? WHAT IS “WHITENESS”?
        A)  A Biological  Basis for Race?                            
            - phenotype                                                
            - genotype
            - multiracial, multiethnic, multicultural

            Reserve:
*A Growing Number of Scientists Reject the Concept of Race, David Wheeler
*Ever adaptive, humans defy easy stereotype
                    
        B) Race Is Socially Constructed: Race is a social category, not a biological category.                                 
                     - Self-selection & self-identification                       
           - How those “outside” define               
                     - How those “inside” define

            Rothenberg
* 1  Racial Formation, Michael Omi & Howard Winant, Buck
* 3  Constructing Race Creating White Privilege,
º 4  How Jews Became White Folks, Brodkin
* 126  Child of the Americas, Aurora Levins Morales

            Reserve:
                    * Legal Alien, Pat Mora
                    * Bill of Rights for Racially Mixed People, Maria P.P. Root, PhD.

        C) Why The Government Defines Race And Collects Data.
            Reserve:
* Race classification causes census debate, William Hershey
          º Who’s a minority? Welcome to affirmative action debate, David Lauter
* We Need New and Critical Study of Race and Ethnicity,  Manning Marable





V.    Gender    
(WEEKS 9-10)

1)    EXPERIENCE           
        Rothenberg
* 17 Patriarchy, Allan Johnson
* 53  The Wage Gap, National Committee on Pay Equity
* 54  Her Next Step, Crenshaw
                                                   
2)    Statistical Disparities & Economic Evidence         
        Gender Discrimination:                                   
*Ch.15, Women, Blacks & the Labor Market,                                                                                    McConnell, et al            
        a)    Unemployment Differentials                                    
        b)    Wage Differentials                                    

*The Comparable Worth Debate, Sorensen
        c)    Educational Differentials    
        d)    Employment Differentials                           
 
3)     Models of Human Capital, Occupational & Earnings Differences                                        
 

VI. Remedies
(
TIME PERMITTING)

1.        The Social Safety Net: The Minimum Wage & Other Social Services
            A.    Progressive vs. regressive re-distribution
            B. Minimum Wage

2.        Taking Affirmative Action to Promote Economic Equity
*Ch 8, Affirmative Action & Employment Discrimination, Farai Chideya
            
*Affirmative Action’s Impact on Academe Has Been Minimal,  
 Journal of Higher Education, March 24, 2000                                            


3.        Managing Diversity
                * Making Differences Matter: A New Paradigm for Managing Diversity,
Thomas & Ely

4.        Taking Personal Responsibility
            Rothenberg
                *What white Folks Must Do, Harlan L. Dalton, p.616
                *Combating intentional bigotry and Inadvertently Racist Acts,
                            Fletcher Blanchard

 VII.    The Over-Determination of Stratification
        Case Study: U.S. Immigration Policy

(TIME PERMITTING)

    1)    Class Criteria of Immigration
        -    $1million or 10 jobs lets you in
        -    educational/professional status
        -    “bracero” programs

    2)    Race Criteria
        -    Quotas based on origin
        -    Differential Application of INS Rules

    3)    Ethnic Criteria
        -    Phenotype:  “Indio” vs “Ladino”
        -    Point of Origin
        -    Language

    4)    Gender
        -    Male heads of families
        -    Female, undocumented immigration rising