Practice
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Amount, type, and frequency of practice directly and largely influences motor learning
- Types of practice
- part - task is broken down into discrete parts
- whole - task is practiced from start to finish
- physical - performing work
- mental - imagery
- blocked ( see "closed environment, intertrial variability absent in Motor Learning Taxonomy)
- random ( task sequencing changes with each practice attempt)
- random-blocked - a combination of variability with some repeated scenarios during the session
Types of Feedback
- intrinsic - feedback is from the patient/client's body (sensorimotor and neuromuscular)
- extrinsic - feedback is from someone/something other than the patient (e.g., therapist, family member, judges score, referee call, etc.); may be referred to as augmentative if feedback is technology-driven.
- knowledge of performance and knowledge of result/outcome. Be sure to not overload the patient with feedback - allow time for processing and keep feedback into manageable chunks
Characteristics of Effective Feedback
- Emphasis on knowledge of performance.
- Specific - precise examples or behaviors
- Timing - appropriate to the level of the learner
- concurrent - given with manual or verbal cues at the same time the task is performed; used in initial stages of learning
- immediate, post-response - feedback is after each attempt; used in initial stages of learning; emphasis is on performance vs. learning (retention)
- delayed/summary - feedback is after a series of attempts; used as a progression to allow for self-assessment; higher correlation with learning and retention
- Frequency
- ranges from concurrent, intermittent, to summary to allow for self-correction of task performance
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