Cystocele
- Fallen bladder - prolapsed
- Etiology: related to heavy lifting, straining during bowel movements, decreased estrogen concentrations, child-birth
- Grades are based on severity of prolapse
- Grade One: bladder drops into vagina
- Grade Two: bladder has sunk into opening of vagina
- Grade Three: bladder protrudes into vaginal opening
- May require surgical re-positioning (bladder sling) for stabilization
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy/Hyperplasis (BPH)
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benign_Prostatic_Hyperplasia_(BPH).png
- Prostate enlarges at age 40
- Affects 90% of men over 70
- Enlargement results in urethral compression with reflexive bladder contraction regardless of urine volume: frequency and urgency of micturition increases.
- Bladder can become thickened and distended
- Symptoms include hesitancy to urinate or thin/weak stream of urine flow, urgency to urinate, leaking or dribbling of urine, nocturnal frequency
Medical interventions for BPH
- TUMT: Transurethral microwave thermotherapy: heats and destroys excessive prostate tissue.
- TUNA: Transurethral needle ablation: radio frequencies burn prostate tissue
- TURP: Transurethral resection of the prostate: surgical intervention to resect prostate tissue
This link provides a refresher of the GU A&P and then goes into BPH and TURP descriptions