Common Classification of GI Dysfunction

Anatomy

Pathology

Associated Terms

Risk Factors

Signs and Symptoms

Upper GI

Candidiasis

Yeast Infection

Thrush

Antibiotic use Immuno-suppression

Red, swollen mouth with white patches that can be scraped off Weigh loss due to pain in mouth with eating

Upper GI

Herpes Simplex 1

Viral Infection 

Cold Sore Fever blister

Contact by mouth with carrier/host

Burning blister in and around mouth.  

 Upper GI

 Dysphasia

Aspiration 

Neuromuscular impairment GI Disease

Difficulty with safe and effective, chew and swallow Coughing with eating and/or drinking

Upper GI 

GERD Reflux of gastric contents into stomach

Acid Reflux Barium Swallow Endoscopy

NSAID use EtOH use Infection Smoking Excessive acid production

Heartburn Regurgitation Esophagitis Dysphagia Pain (sub-sternal, non-cardiac) Sore or hoarse throat Hematemesis

Upper GI 

Barrette's Esophagus Change in epithelial cell morphology

Chronic GERD 

EtOH use Smoking May lead to esophageal cancer

Same as GERD with increased severity

Upper GI 

Esophageal Cancer

Squamous carcinoma Achalasia Stricture

EtOH use Smoking Diet imbalances

Same as GERD, with increased severity, weight loss, pain

Stomach 

Gastritis Inflammation of inner stomach layer (mucosa) Can lead to electrolyte imbalance

Dyspepsia 

Trauma Salmonella infection NSAID Aspirin EtOH Renal failure Liver failure Mechanical ventilation >48 hrs

Hemorrhage Fever Epigastric Pain Nausea Anorexia Hematemesis

Stomach 

Peptic Ulcer Disruption of the gastric or duodenal mucosa

Bleeding Perforation Obstruction

EtOH use Diet Stress NSAIDs Bacterial infection

Burning, gnawing pain Reduction of pain with eating Burping Nausea and/or vomiting Bleeding

Lower GI

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 

Colon Dysfunction

BRAT diet (banana, rice, apple, tea or toast)

Stress Decreased sleep Dietary exacerbations (wheat, rye, barley, milk, EtOH, caffeine)

Alternating loose stools and constipation Bloating with abdominal pain Cramping Mucous/blood in stool

Lower GI 

Crohn's Disease Inflammation of intestinal wall

Ileitis Enteritis

Unknown Possible autoimmune response to bacterial or viral infection

Abdominal pain Diarrhea Occasional. Rectal bleeding Weight loss Small bowel obstruction Fistula formation Nutritional Deficiencies

Lower GI 

Ulcerative Colitis Inflammation of colon and /or rectum

Inflammatory bowel disease

Unknown Possible autoimmune response to bacterial or viral infection

Alternating loose stools and constipation Bloating with abdominal pain Cramping Mucous/blood in stool

Intestinal 

 Whipples Disease

Bacterial malabsorption

condition

Malnourishment 

Exposure to Tropheryma Whippelli

Abdominal pain Weight loss Incomplete breakdown of intestinal materials Diarrhea Intestinal bleeding Fatigue and Weakness

 Intestinal

Short Bowel Syndrome Disorder from surgery where >50% of small intestine is removed Malabsorption

condition

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) 

Hx of abdominal surgery Crohn's IBS Intestinal Trauma

Weakness Fatigue Depression Dehydration Weight loss Diarrhea Cramping and bloating

Heart burn

Weight Loss

Diarrhea

Malnourishment

 Intestinal

Diverticulosis Small outpouchings or herniations in intestinal wall

Diverticulitis Intestinal necrosis

Advanced age

Low fiber diet 

Abdominal pain Fever and chills Nausea and vomiting Cramping Constipation Fistula formation

Intestinal

Bowel &

Abdomen 

 Ostomy

Surgical opening from bowel or intestine to the outside.

Ileostomy (removal of colon and rectum) Colostomy (removal of colon)

HX cancer, intestinal disease Trauma

External pouch for collection and elimination of waste

Intestinal and Abdominal 

Hernia Abdominal protrusion through a weak are in the abdominal wall

Inguinal (groin) Abdominal Femoral Hiatal Hernia or hernioplasty (reduction hernia and abdominal reinforcement)

Obesity Heavy lifting Straining during bowel movements Pregnancy

Impaired nutrition Placement of abdominal drains General debility

Groin pain Palpable lump in groin Bowel obstruction Relief with applying pressure Shortness of breath

Vascular 

 Hemorrhoids

Sitz Baths 

Age (>50 yrs) Straining during bowel movements Chronic constipation

Pain Discomfort in sitting Itching Bleeding (anal canal and/or rectum)

Liver 

Jaundice Excessive bile production

Cirrhosis Hemolytic anemia

Yellowing of skin, eyes and fingernails

Liver 

Cirrhosis Fibrosis of liver tissue

Fatty liver. Alcoholic 

EtOH Hepatitis B, C, D Drugs and infection Autoimmune hepatitis

Effects multiple body systems 

 Liver

Hepatitis Inflammatory process in the liver; typically viral

Blood born pathogen

Viral infection EtOH

Effects multiple body systems

Gall Bladder 

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones 

Gender (Female) Diabetes Obesity Ethnicity

Severe epigastric or RUQ pain Referred pain under the right scapula Indigestion after eating fatty foods Nausea and/or vomiting

Pancreas

Pancreatitis Inflammation of pancreas

EtOH Calcium malabsorption Infection Abdominal trauma

Abdominal

Epigastric pain

(worse with walking,

supine, eating)

Abdominal swelling Nausea or vomiting Fever

Dehydration Hypotension

Pain radiating to low back